John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1023 Words

In 1949, the Gold Rush brought people from all over pursuing the American dream. A theory defines itself as if you is if you have enough perseverance and will power, you can make anything of yourself in the U.S.A. In John Steinbeck s Of Mice and Men, two migrant workers are still struggling to find their speck of gold. George Milton, a smart, quick-tempered man looks after Lennie, a huge man that is mentally underdeveloped who doesn t know just how strong he is. They have a simple dream of having their own land, which they get closer and closer to until it eventually fails, like many dreams in the Gold Rush. Their dream ultimately breaks down because of Lennie s unconscious and restricted strength which prevents him ever succeeding in his only desire of petting soft things and because like many other migrant workers, they did have enough money. Soft is one of the most common and attractive adjectives used to advertise and describe various things such as clothing and animals. Lennie is extremely entranced by the idea and motion of petting both of these things. Unfortunately, His desire is only matched by his enormous, unregulated strength. Consequently, even if Lennie is gently stroking something such as a mouse, it could abruptly die. Lennie looked sadly up at him. They was so little, he said, apologetically. I d pet em, and pretty soon they bit my fingers and I pinched their heads a little and then they was dead--because they was so little. (9-10). Though theShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1248 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men, He uses imagery many times to create a realistic setting and plot. Steinbeck’s depiction of migrant workers and their daily complications during the depression are objectively precise due to his use of imagery with idioms, dreams, nature, loneliness and animal imagery. The main theme of the book transpires to be loneliness and fate. While George and Lennie, the main characters have a synergetic relationship, fate steps in and does away with their dreams, whichRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men897 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we possess. Many people feel certain emotions based on events that have taken place in their lifetime or how they were raised throughout their childhood. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, he portrays the feelings of isolation and loneliness in three different characters. George’s isolation is illustrated in Steinbeck’s, Of Mice and Men. George expresses many hard feelings towards Lennie at the opening of this story. â€Å"‘...you’re a lot of trouble,’ said George. ‘I could get along so easy and soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1243 Words   |  5 Pagesis what John Steinbeck achieves by portraying this through the characters in his novella Of Mice and Men. The main characters are affected by loneliness in their own different way throughout the novella. rf The loneliness is maintained by the challenges that the characters have to face, and they sustain those challenges of being inhumane towards each other. Crook, a figure in the story who experiences discrimination encounters the challenge of race, due to the book’s setting in the 1930’s duringRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1080 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I want you to stay with me Lennie. Jesus Christ, somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself.† The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows the relationship between two migrant workers in the 1930s, George and Lennie, along with the other members on the new ranch that they began working on. Georgie and Lennie dreamed of following the American Dream and owning their own patch of land and the novel revolves around the dream and the obstacles that stand in their way. Lennie, a strongRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe realistic fiction novella O f Mice And Men by John Steinbeck explains the journey of two migrant farm workers. Lennie and George are forced to overcome the Dust Bowl and The Great Depression around 1938. This makes jobs even harder to come by because everyone wanted one. Lennie and George were kicked out of Weed and they now work at a ranch in Soledad. At the new farm the friendship between Lennie and George becomes harder to maintain. The people on the farm are all different shapes, sizes, andRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men2167 Words   |  9 Pagesjobs. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, George Milton and Lennie Small wander through California in search of a new job that would help them make enough money to live their American dream on â€Å"the fatta the lan’†(Steinbeck 14). George and Lennie’s hard work and determination is not enough for them to live their dream. Lennie has a mental disability that slows the two friends down from living their dream; they have to ru n from job to job because of Lennie’s unintentional actions. Steinbeck incorporatesRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling, thinking and acting in everyday life. In the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, a duo of farmers, George and Lennie, search for work wherever they can. Their dream of having a farm of their own is coming into reach, while George has to wield Lennie away from the temptation of Curley’s wife and the reality of what Lennie can do. John Steinbeck uses characterization to illustrate the nature of human existence. Steinbeck portrays George as a man who tries to help, and helps others soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1448 Words   |  6 Pages In the novella, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck discusses the idea of loneliness and how people who work at the ranch have no family and no future in lives. He indicates that all people at the ranch are lonely, but he specifically uses a few characters to highlight their state of being lonely and more miserable than the others. He emphasizes the loneliness of ranch life during the Great Depression, and shows how people are willing to try and find friendship in order to escape from the state ofRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1205 Words   |  5 Pagesand the time period of John Steinbeck s novella, Of Mice and Men, exemplifies the idea that people from minorities are held back from achieving their version of the ‘American Dream’. This goes to prove not everyone will overcome the overbearing tidal waves of their hardship s, which makes the American Dream nothing more than a dream to them. Crooks, the black stable hand, faces discrimination due to his skin color as this unfortunately was common in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck uses Crooks’ situationRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men968 Words   |  4 PagesSolidifying the theme of John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, the protagonist George expresses his significant loneliness despite a strong kinship with his friend Lennie, â€Å"’I ain’t got no people†¦ I seen the guys that go around the ranches alone. That ain’t no good’† (41). Published in 1937, amidst the horrific turmoil of the Great Depression, Steinbeck’s novella struck a sensitive chord with readers. Set in the heart of California’s Central Valley, this story follows two men, George and Lennie, as they

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International Tourism National Aviation Policy

Question: Describe about the International Tourism for National Aviation Policy. Answer: Selection of Tourism Industry Sector The Tourism Industry of Australia is sketched on the wide landscape to promote the international business in a well defined manner. The market related to the tourism industry is expanding with a rapid speed and with this expansion, the demands of customers are also raising with the fast speed. To fulfill the demands of the customers and to provide the most stable facilities to them, the tourism industry is also framing the suitable blue print (Australia, 2012). The Tourism industry is categorized into various sections in which the Hotels, Airlines, Tours Operators, Cruise lines are becoming very common. These domains are not only helpful in providing assistance to the domestic customers, but by these industries, the international customers are also getting suitable profit. Due to these domains, not only the trading aspects are improving, but the potential to improve the industry is also booming simultaneously (Australian Trade Commission, 2014). The domain which is selected for the discussion of travel and tourism industry is named as the Airlines Services. Australia is offering wide range of luxurious Airlines services to local as well as international customers (Dolnicar, 2008). Apart from providing the travelling facilities to the customers, the airlines are also providing the wide range of other facilities to customers. On the local or domestic level, the customers or visitors are getting maximum facilities, but the international business is considered as the most motivating prospect to promote the business. So for the discussion of this report, the tourism generating region (TGR) is identified as Australia and for Tourism destination region (TDR), the country is identified as Singapore. The Singapore is most appreciated and highly skilled country, which helps in providing the suitable business assistance to the different countries for appropriate travelling and tour services. There are various airlines which are offered by Australia to earn the maximum profit on an international level. The Singapore is selected as the TDR because the country is identified as the most prominent and well versed tourist location where maximum tourist wants to visit (Tourism Australia Corporate Website, 2015). The major airlines which are identified in Australia are named as the Qantas, Virgin Blue, and Air North which helps in providing the assistance at the domestic and international level. This wide categorization will be helpful in providing multiple choices to the customers to avail the services. The international tourism potential of any industry is helpful in explaining the right strength and stability of the organization in a structured manner by the help of which, possibilities of structured approach may get widen on a large scale. The international tourism potential of aviation industry on both the hands (i.e. Australian and Singapore) is highly strong and well versed with various different types of services. The Singapore airlines signed a strong strategic approach and planning strategy with the Australian Airlines and defined a well-defined, planned, and structured approach to promote business of the Australian customers (Mundy, 2014). Apart from this, by a joint venture of both the countries, the customer is also provided with the greater opportunities on a wide level. The facilities of accommodation, sightseeing and visiting the major places of country along with the food related assistance is provided by the country due to the coordinated approach of both the organi zations in a suitably structured or framed manner (Clayton Hilz, 2015). The statistics and analytical report related to the organization clearly depicts that the tie up of both the Airlines with each other will be helpful in increasing the economic aspects of the organization in the definite manner. Other than this, the monetary and the financial aspects of the organization are also getting strengthened on the broad level. According to John O Sullivan, the Singapore aviation industry is considered as the long term standing partner and contributor of the aviation industry of Australia and also helps in providing the suitable assistance to the Australian industry on a large scale. The gross turnover of Australia is also increasing due to the services provided to the customers and the satisfaction of customers also increases simultaneously. The negative aspect of the mutual tie up or the expansion of the Australian aviation industry in Singapore is that the trade policies and the inbound trading system of the Singapore airlines is comparatively more complicated. There are various signing policies and the trading perspectives which should be followed by the specific country in an appropriate way. If the country fails in generating suitable aspects, then trade on the international level wont be possible (Sharma, 2013). Apart from this, the other drawback is initial investment which the Australian airlines have to do for the improvement or increment of international potential. This aspect is also risky because the chances of profit can only be analyzed when the smooth business runs between both the countries. If the negative factors are identified on the initial level, then it becomes easier to generate international trading policies of the organization in a correct way. Development/ Improvement Aspects The development or improvement aspects are identified as the most suitable way by which the existing structure get chances for the growth and most suitable output can also be achieved in the existing country. The above paragraphs clearly explained the most appropriate aspects related to the organization, but simultaneously the improvement in the existing international policies will be helpful in providing the most appropriate aspects related to the financial and the monetary aspects. As industry selected for the discussion is identified as the aviation industry, so it is essential to provide the facilities to the customers on an international level. Some of the major facilities are defined below with the help of suitable points, by which the developmental aspects or growth of an organization can become possible. The aviation industry of Australia can able to provide the most suitable packages to customers on the initial level. The deduction in fare in the peak season, availability of rooms and convinces along with the air tickets along with the availability of urgent tickets for the customers are some of the facilities which can be provided by the Australian government on international level. The major aim of the domain (i.e. Aviation industry) is to earn the maximum profit. The profit can only be earned when specific trading process and coordinated approach between the two countries can be maintained. So, before expanding the plan in an existing domain, the suitable strategic plan must be prepared which may further help in expanding the trade and also provide the suitable developmental aspects (Hurley Crowe, 2013). In the aviation industry, the major airlines of the Australia is Qantas. Specifically, Qantas is contributing in the development and increment in the international tourism potential. In Singapore, there are various sightseeing and visiting options available (ABC News, 2005). The Australian Airlines industry can also increase the international potential by improving the existing infrastructure of the Airport and flights. In fact, the improvement in boarding area and the availability of attending staff on Singapore Airport may be helpful in improving the international potential of the Australian aviation industry in the international market (The New York Times Company, 1992). The preparation of packages and designed structure for the Australian customers for Singapore can also assist in developing the international tourism related potential. The packages in different categories will be helpful in improving the existing aspects in context to the organization (Flynn, 2016). The package may be identified as economic, standard and luxurious. By this, the customers can select the packages as per their requirement and facilities may also improve simultaneously. According to the trade policies, the packages can also exclude the tax and can also provide apecial packages for the customers on holidays. By the help of this, not only the business gets promoted but the financial aspects will also get strengthened. The Airlines industry of Australia can also provide the facilities of guide or staff to the customers who are travelling through Australian Airlines for Singapore. This recruitment of staff from Australian Aviation sector proved as link between Australia and Singapore. They can able to provide assistance to the Australian customers to visit the major areas of Singapore. This will boost in increasing the level of comfort for the customers and the chances for improvement of Aviation industry may also increase simultaneously (Stange, Brown, International, 2012). The developmental aspects can only be improved when a coordinated approach between both the countries can be identified. The equal contribution in the developmental factors may be helpful in promoting the business of tourism in a suitable way. The comparative composition of Australian aviation industry with the other countries aviation industry is defined below with the help of chart presentation. This chart assists in showing the current contribution (Kain Webb, 2003). Apart from this, another chart is also displayed which is helpful in displaying the future forecasting of the aviation industry which could be obtained after following the suitable recommendations. The second comparative chart with the future forecasting is shown below which helps in defining the future prediction on a wide range. Other than this, the international potential for tourism industry is also identified by this chart. Designing of Proposal The aviation industry is changing with a rapid speed. With these changes, the demands and requirements related to the aviation industry are also expanding in a fast manner. The aviation sector of the tourism industry in Australia not only contributes in promoting the tourism, but by this, the financial perspectives of the country are also improving with the rapid rate. There are different type of aviation industries provided by Australia, which have their different working and strategic approach. Apart from this, these organizations also have different contribution in the financial and monetary aspects of the organization (Hooper Van Zyl, 2011). The statistics shows standardized growth of tourism industry from December 1995 to the year 2015. In this growth graph, the marvelous growth structure of the aviation industry is shown in which the organization make a profit of about 22.4 million from 9.3 million (Gdayusa Team, 2016). This growth in tourism sector is outstanding and promotes promising aspects for the aviation industry. But, this growth is not sufficient as to be stable in market and to be confident team player, it is essential to promote business. For promoting the business, it is essential to design a proposal for the industry and new market activity needs to be introduced on the initial level (Delarue Zaru, 2015). To develop the concept of new product in market or to introduce the current activity, some of the major concepts are designed so that the existing business can grow in a wide mode. The first activity which can be introduced is related to the introduction of the stakeholders and alliance on the international level. By introducing such concept on the international level, the share values of the existing industry will increase and simultaneously, the customer satisfaction will also increase. The level of facilities which are provided to the customers will also increase with rapid rate and more attractive options are provided to the customers (Tourism, 2015). Apart from this, another option is related to the introduction of the partnerships and suitable campaign. This method is also helpful in promoting the trade on the international level. Australian Airlines is also engaged in such kind of ventures. By these campaigns, not only the developmental aspects of the organization improves, but by this, the international potential of the trade will also increase. As Singapore is identified as the most prominent place for visiting and sight-seeing, so by promoting the travelling aspects of Singapore, the Australian Aviation industry can able to achieve the successful targets. In fact, the research also shows that the mutual mergers and acquisition among these countries may be helpful in providing the most suitable aspects for an improvement. The new activities are also launched with the help of this option (Australian Government, 2009). The signing of service agreement for better service providing aspects is also essential to be defined. By this, the expansion chances of the aviation industry will get stronger and the multiple opportunities can also be found out with the help of the service agreements. There are various different types of treaties and agreements which can be introduced as latest activities (U.S. Department of transportation, 2016). The treaties can be approached in a differ manner like government, semi government and in private form. For managing these treaties, it is not possible that the amount can be released from one source, so for generating the specific amount, the shareholders are essential to be identified who can provide assistance to the users as per the requirement. By this, concept of international tourism can get improved with a rapid speed and the innovative approach can easily be introduced in market as well. These activities and new ventures will be helpful in establishing the strong identity of suitable aspects in Australia as well as in the host country which is Singapore. The suitable contributions of these activities are identified with the help of graph. This will help in showing the suitable ratio by which the activities are using in promoting the trade activities. Evaluation of existence of proposal As it is defined in the paragraphs above that the formation or designing of the research proposal is identified as the most tedious task. There are various phases through which this task can be completed. But, after implementing or proposing the proposal, it is also essential to find out the viability or the existence of the product. The actual concept is the evaluation aspects, through which the existence of product can be identified in a well- defined method. To check the major services and aspects provided by the Airlines industry on an international level (i.e. on the basis of Singapore), the viability of the proposal can be checked by the suitable research methods. The research process will be helpful in providing the practical aspects related to the proposal and the existence of report will also be generated thoroughly (Explorable Team, 2016). Some of the common methods which are identified for the research methods are shown below: - The personal interview is considered as the most suitable method by which the existence of proposal in the market and major aspects related to the proposal can be determined easily. The face to face interviews will provide the suitable assistance for the growth in a possible way and the possibilities of improvement will also increase simultaneously. Other than this, by preparation of questionnaire or the suitable surveys, the major demands of customers can easily be identified. The feedback reports are also identified as the major aspects by which the reviews can be generated by the customers. After availing services, the clients can easily able to provide their feedback either in rating format or in a descriptive manner. This will assist in promoting the major aspects related to the existing structure and the future forecasting of latest activities can also be identified easily. The chances of improvement may also increase simultaneously (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2016). The assessment of existing plan can be done by implementing the innovative methods of research of the market and research perspectives. By this, the basic idea of plan is identified and the customers can also able to define the major aspects related to the improvement in the services. The identification of competitiveness and the position of the services provided in the world class market can also be identified through the research. The competitive identification will be helpful in determining the existence of the proposal in the markets and criteria for improvement is also identified with the help of competition. By implementing all these aspects as per the requirement of customers on an international level, it will be helpful in improving the major research aspects in a correct manner. Apart from this, the personal views and recommendation of customers towards the proposal will also help in managing the international potential of Australian Airlines in Singapore (Pandey, 2011). Other than this, there are also some recommendations which can help in defining the growth perspectives of Airlines industry in Australia which are strategic planning, time to time identification of the changing requirement of customers, improvement in the packages as per the requirement of season and many other small recommendations are defined widely (Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 2016). The coordinated and focused approach towards the host country (i.e. Singapore) is also required. By this coordination, the Australian Airlines can able to understand the major requirements of Singapore clients and can prepare the proposal accordingly. The Singapore tourism should also define the major packages, so that the Australian clients can able to select the options as per their requirement. Though there are other methods also by which the existence of the proposal can be identified, but the above defined methods are more accurate and managed. These approaches or methods will assist in promoting the Airlines business on an international level. References ABC News. (2005, June 22). Singapore Airlines warms to Qantas merger. Singapore Airlines warms to Qantas merger. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-06-22/singapore-airlines-warms-to-qantas-merger/1598462 Australia, G. o. (2012). Understanding the Tourism Industry. Small business development corporation. Retrieved from https://www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/TourismBoost/assets/workshops/booklet-understanding-the-tourism-industry.pdf Australian Government. (2009). National Aviation Policy. Commonwealth of Australia . Retrieved from https://infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/publications/pdf/Aviation_White_Paper_final.pdf Australian Trade Commission. (2014). Tourism research Australia. Australian Government. Retrieved from https://www.tra.gov.au/documents/State-of-the-industry/TRA_State_of_the_Industry_2014_FINAL.pdf Clayton, E., Hilz, A. (2015). 2015 Aviation Trends. 2015 Aviation Trends. Retrieved from https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/perspectives/2015-aviation-trends Delarue, L., Zaru, D. (2015). Activity Forecasts for the Period 2014-2015 to 2020-2021. International Air Transport Association. Retrieved from https://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/IATA-Activity-Forecasts-for-Airservices-Australia.pdf Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. (2016, July 26). Guidelines for airline and aircraft operators arriving in Australia . Guidelines for airline and aircraft operators arriving in Australia . Retrieved from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/avm/aircraft/guidelines-operators Dolnicar, S. (2008). Market segmentation in tourism. University of Wollongong. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1597context=commpaperssei-redir=1referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DSelection%2Bof%2BTourism%2BIndustry%2BSector%2Baustralia%26src%3DIE-TopResult%26FORM%3DIETR02%26conversationid%3D#search= Entrepreneur Media, Inc. (2016). Market Testing. Market Testing. Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/market-testing Explorable Team. (2016). Different Research Methods. How to Choose the most Appropriate Design? Retrieved from https://explorable.com/different-research-methods Flynn, D. (2016, April 13). The Qantas-Singapore Airlines merger that almost happened... The Qantas-Singapore Airlines merger that almost happened... Retrieved from https://www.ausbt.com.au/the-qantas-singapore-airlines-alliance-that-almost-happened Gdayusa Team. (2016). Tourism is One of Australias Five Super-Growth Industries . Tourism is One of Australias Five Super-Growth Industries . Retrieved from https://gdayusa.org/tourism/tourism-is-one-of-australias-five-super-growth-industries/ Hooper, K., Van Zyl, M. (2011). Australias Tourism Industry. RBA. Retrieved from https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/dec/pdf/bu-1211-3.pdf?bcsi_scan_f5761508bdf24bd5=0bcsi_scan_filename=bu-1211-3.pdf Hurley, P., Crowe, D. (2013). Australian Hotels: Contributing to economic growth and national prosperity. TAA. Retrieved from https://aha.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/AHA-National-Policy-Platform-2013.pdf Kain, J., Webb, R. (2003, June 16). Australian Airline Industry. Australian Airline Industry. Retrieved from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0203/03RP10 Mundy, W. (2014). Australia's international tourism industry: trends, drivers and barriers to growth. Qantas. Retrieved from https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/international-tourism/comments/submissions/submission-counter/sub033-international-tourism.pdf Pandey, N. (2011). Assessing Viability and Feasibility of Business Ideas. LM Thapar School of Management. Retrieved from https://www.gdeepak.com/presentations/Assessing%20Viability%20and%20Feasibility%20of%20Business%20Ideas.pdf Sharma, A. (2013). Travel and tourism sector: Potential, opportunities and enabling framework for sustainable growth. KPMG. Retrieved from https://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/KPMG-CII-Travel-Tourism-sector-Report.pdf Stange, J., Brown, D., International, S. (2012). Tourism destination management: achieving sustainable and competitive results. George Washington University. USAID. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2151/DMOworkbook_130318.pdf The New York Times Company. (1992, September 15). COMPANY NEWS; Merger Joins Qantas And Australian Airlines. COMPANY NEWS; Merger Joins Qantas And Australian Airlines. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/15/business/company-news-merger-joins-qantas-and-australian-airlines.html Tourism Australia Corporate Website. (2015). Tourism Australia deepens tourism ties with Singapore Airlines. Tourism Australia deepens tourism ties with Singapore Airlines. Retrieved from https://www.tourism.australia.com/news/media-releases/Media-releases-Tourism-Australia-Singapore-Airlines.aspx Tourism, A. (2015). International aviation capacity to Australia. International aviation capacity to Australia. Retrieved from https://www.tourism.australia.com/statistics/aviation.aspx U.S. Department of transportation. (2016). Air Service Agreements. Air Service Agreements. Retrieved from https://www.transportation.gov/policy/aviation-policy/international-relations/air-service-agreements

The, The Choice, Advertisement By Barack Obama Essay Example For Students

The, The Choice, Advertisement By Barack Obama Essay In the â€Å"The Choice† advertisement by Barack Obama in 2012, the scenes in this video are mostly taken in the living room. There are couches, flowers, and shelves which are full of books and framed pictures. Obama is sitting on the chair and talking to the camera about the choice that the voters have and need to make. He probably chooses this scene that has a feeling at home because he wants the viewer to feel he is one of them, explaining to them as if he goes to each house and talks one-to-one. While he is talking, the camera is clearly focused on his face. We will write a custom essay on The, The Choice, Advertisement By Barack Obama specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The lens also has taken the close-up on Obama s face while all the images and background behind have been blurred. This technique called â€Å"shallow focus† is commonly used in cinematography. It is intended to direct the viewer s focus to one element of a scene. Obama is intentionally doing this technique so that the viewer can direct their attention to what he is going to say.In this commercial ad Obama is wearing a full suit with a blue tie and pin at the top collar of his suit. Obama is trying to appeal to viewers with a nice liberal man’s looks when he is wearing a blue tie, so that he can gain viewers’ trust on his professionalism and at the same time trying to gain votes from democratic supporters. In another perspective, the way he is dressing in this video can be looked on as someone who is always ready to represent United States in under any circumstance in accordance with his position as president at that time. He is also wearing an American flag pin to show to the viewer wherever he is, he will not forget his country. He is trying to appeal as a true patriot who will serve the country with full respect and never cause any shame on the country. He wants to show the vi. .il because the weather is very suitable for it. The two workers in this site are wearing professional attires because Obama wants the viewers to know that he will makes sure this investment will be handled professionally.Last but not least, when the ad is about to end, Obama is practically using the antithesis technique when saying â€Å"sometimes politics can seem very small, but the choice you face couldn t be bigger†. When Obama is saying the message, the camera seems to zoom-in on Obama to add the effects of noteworthiness in this message. He is trying to emphasize the importance of the choice that the viewers will make even though the viewers don t prefer to know about politics. Lastly, Obama end this ad with his campaign slogan â€Å"Forward† to show his identity and goal for America which apparently has been a success to move the American s hearts.

Curtis Hoist

Curtis Hoist Problem Definition and Statement of the Alternatives Curtis automotive hoist's main objectives is growth market share and growth profit. Actually, from 1995 to 1997, Curtis automotive hoist had increased 55 percentages. Since they succeed in US and Canadian hoist market, Curtis automotive hoist wants to try market penetration in US and Market development in European market each other.Although the rapid growth rate in US, Curtis automotive hoist has faced some problems because most US wholesaler sold a complete product line to service station as well as manufacturing some equipment. It means that CAH's lift is a minor product within the wholesaler's total line. While CAH did not have any figures, Mr. Gagnon who is a CAH's marketing manager think that CAH probably accounted for less than 20% of the total lift sales of US. Moreover CAH's managers felt that US market had unrealized potential.Curtis automotive hoist has some Alternatives, First of all, (1) Setting up the sales office in N ew York to service 12 states which are six England states (population over 13million), and the three largest mid-Atlantic states (population of 38 million), and the three largest Midwestern states (population over 32 million).Marjorie Curtis (LOC)(2) They had also considered working more closely with the wholesalers to encourage it to "push" the Curtis automotive hoist.The other one is that Curtis automotive hoist has faced expansion of the European market as a result of rapid growth of the company. Now, Curtis automotive hoist has no knowledge about Europe market. The potential market of four European Union countries had more than 200 million vehicles in use with Germany having the largest domestic fleet of 41 million vehicles followed in order by Italy, France, and England. Curtis automotive hoist has three investment options: licensing, joint venture, and direct investment.

The 3 Steps to Convert Decimals to Fractions (and Back)

The 3 Steps to Convert Decimals to Fractions (and Back) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Wondering how to convert decimals to fractions? Or how to convert fractions to decimals?It’s easier than you think! Keep reading to see the steps for decimal to fraction conversions (including why you need to follow different steps if you have a repeating decimal), steps for fraction to decimal conversions, a handy chart with common decimal/fraction conversions, and tips for quickly estimating conversions. How to Convert Decimals to Fractions How do you convert a decimal to a fraction? Any decimal, even complicated-looking ones, can be converted to a fraction; you just need to follow a few steps. Below we explain how to convert both terminating decimals and repeating decimals to fractions. Converting a Terminating Decimal to a Fraction A terminating decimal is any decimal that has a finite other of digits. In other words, it has an end. Examples include .5, .234, .864721, etc. Terminating decimals are the most common decimals you’ll see and, fortunately, they are also the easiest to convert to fractions. Step 1 Write the decimal divided by one. For example, say you’re given the decimal .55.Your first step is to write out the decimal so it looks like ${.55}/{1}$. Step 2 Next, you want to multiply both the top and bottom of your new fraction by 10 for every digit to the left of the decimal point. In our example, .55 has two digits after the decimal point, so we’ll want to multiply the entire fraction by 10 x 10, or 100.Multiplying the fraction by ${100}/{100}$ gives us ${55}/{100}$. Step 3 The final step is reducing the fraction to its simplest form. The simplest form of the fraction is when the top and bottom of the fraction are the smallest whole numbers they can be. For example, the fraction ${3}/{9}$ isn’t in its simplest form because it can still be reduced down to â…“ by dividing both the top and bottom of the fraction by 3. The fraction ${55}/{100}$ can be reduced by dividing both the top and bottom of the fraction by 5, giving us ${11}/{20}$. 11 is a prime number and can’t be divided any more, so we know this is the fraction in its simplest form. The decimal .55 is equal to the fraction ${11}/{20}$. Example Convert .108 to a fraction. After putting the decimal over 1, we end up with ${.108}/{1}$. Since .108 has three digits after the decimal place, we need to multiply the entire fraction by 10 x 10 x 10, or 1000.This gives us ${108}/{1000}$. Now we need to simplify. Since 108 and 1000 are both even numbers, we know we can divide both by 2. This gives us ${54}/{500}$. These are still even numbers, so we can divide by 2 again to get ${27}/{250}$. 27 isn't a factor of 250, so the fraction can’t be reduced any more. The final answer is ${27}/{250}$. Converting a Repeating Decimal to a Fraction A repeating decimal is one that has no end. Since you can’t keep writing or typing the decimal out forever, they are often written as a string of digits rounded off (.666666667) or with a bar above the repeating digit(s) $\ov {(.6)}$. For our example, we’ll convert .6667 to a fraction. The decimal .6667 is equal to $\ov {(.6)}$, .666666667, .667, etc. They’re all just different ways to show that the decimal is actually a string of 6’s that goes on forever. Step 1 Let x equal the repeating decimal you’re trying to convert, and identify the repeating digit(s). So x=.6667 6 is the repeating digit, and the end of the decimal has been rounded up. Step 2 Multiply by whatever value of 10 you need to get the repeating digit(s) on the left side of the decimal. For .6667, we know that 6 is the repeating digit. We want that six on the left side of the decimal, which means moving the decimal place over one spot. So we multiply both sides of the equation by (10 x 1) or 10. 10x = 6.667 Note: You only want one â€Å"set† of repeating digit(s) on the left side of the decimal. In this example, with 6 as the repeating digit, you only want one 6 on the left of the decimal. If the decimal was 0.58585858, you’d only want one set of â€Å"58† on the left side. If it helps, you can picture all repeating decimals with the infinity bar over them, so .6667 would be$\ov {(.6)}$. Step 3 Next we want to get an equation where the repeating digit is just to the right of the decimal. Looking at x = .6667, we can see that the repeating digit (6) is already just to the right of the decimal, so we don’t need to do any multiplication. We’ll keep this equation as x = .6667 Step 4 Now we need to solve for xusing our two equations,x = .667 and10x = 6.667. 10x - x =6.667-.667 9x = 6 x = ${6}/{9}$ x = â…” Example Convert 1.0363636 to a fraction. This question is a bit trickier, but we’ll be doing the same steps that we did above. First, make the decimal equal to x, and determine the repeating digit(s).x = 1.0363636 and the repeating digits are 3 and 6 Next, get the repeating digits on the left side of the decimal (again, you only want one set of repeating digits on the left).This involves moving the decimal three places to the right, so both sides need to be multiplied by (10 x 3) or 1000. 1000x = 1036.363636 Now get the repeating digits to the right of the decimal. Looking at the equation x = 1.0363636, you can see that there currently is a zero between the decimal and the repeating digits. The decimal needs to be moved over one space, so both sides need to be multiplied by 10 x 1. 10x = 10.363636 Now use the two equations,1000x = 1036.363636 and10x = 10.363636,to solve for x. 1000x - 10x =1036.363636 -10.363636 990x = 1026 x = ${1026}/{990}$ Since the numerator is larger than the denominator, this is known as an irregular fraction. Sometimes you can leave the fraction as an irregular fraction, or you may be asked to convert it to a regular fraction. You can do this by subtracting 990/990 from the fraction and making it a 1 that’ll go next to the fraction. ${1026}/{990}$ - ${990}/{990}$ = 1 ${36}/{990}$ x = 1 ${36}/{990}$ ${36}/{990}$ can be simplified by dividing it by 18. x = 1 ${2}/{55}$ How to Convert Fractions to Decimals The easiest way to convert a fraction to a decimal is just to use your calculator. The line between the numerator and denominator acts as a division line, so ${7}/{29}$ equals 7 divided by 29 or .241. If you don’t have access to a calculator though, you can still convert fractions to decimals by using long division or getting the denominator to equal a multiple of 10. We explain both these methods in this section. Long Division Method Convert ${3}/{8}$ to a decimal. Here is what ${3}/{8}$ looks like worked out with long division. â…Å" converted to a decimal is .375 Denominator as a Value of 10 Method Convert ${3}/{8}$ to a decimal. Step 1 We want the denominator, in this case 8, to equal a value of 10. We can do this by multiplying the fraction by 125, giving us ${375}/{1000}$. Step 2 Next we want to get the denominator to equal 1 so we can get rid of the fraction. We’ll do this by dividing each part of the fraction by 1000, which means moving the decimal over three places to the left. This gives us ${.375}/{1}$ or just .375, which is our answer. Note that this method only works for a fraction with a denominator that can easily be multiplied to be a value of 10. However, there is a trick you can use to estimate the value of fractions you can’t convert using this method. Check out the example below. Example Convert â…” to a decimal. There is no number you can multiply 3 by to make it an exact multiple of 10, but you can get close. By multiplying â…” by ${333}/{333}$, we get ${666}/{999}$. 999 is very close to 1000, so let’s act like it actually is 1000, divide each part of the fraction by 1000, and move the decimal place of 666 three places to the left, giving us .666 The exact decimal conversion of â…” is the repeating decimal .6666667, but .666 gets us very close. So whenever you have a fraction whose denominator can’t easily be multiplied to a value of 10 (this will happen to all fractions that convert to repeating decimals), just get the denominator as close to a multiple of 10 as possible for a close estimate. Common Decimal to Fraction Conversions Below is a chart with common decimal to fraction conversions. You don’t need to memorize these, but knowing at least some of them off the top of your head will make it easy to do some common conversions. If you’re trying to convert a decimal or fraction and don’t have a calculator, you can also see which value in this chart the number is closest to so you can make an educated estimate of the conversion. Decimal Fraction 0.03125 ${1}/{32}$ 0.0625 ${1}/{16}$ 0.1 ${1}/{10}$ 0.1111 ${1}/{9}$ 0.125 ${1}/{8}$ 0.16667 ${1}/{6}$ 0.2 ${1}/{5}$ 0.2222 ${2}/{9}$ 0.25 ${1}/{4}$ 0.3 ${3}/{10}$ 0.3333 ${1}/{3}$ 0.375 ${3}/{8}$ 0.4 ${2}/{5}$ 0.4444 ${4}/{9}$ 0.5 ${1}/{2}$ 0.5555 ${5}/{9}$ 0.6 ${3}/{5}$ 0.625 ${5}/{8}$ 0.6666 ${2}/{3}$ 0.7 ${7}/{10}$ 0.75 ${3}/{4}$ 0.7777 ${7}/{9}$ 0.8 ${4}/{5}$ 0.8333 ${5}/{6}$ 0.875 ${7}/{8}$ 0.8888 ${8}/{9}$ 0.9 ${9}/{10}$ Summary: How to Make a Decimal Into a Fraction If you’re trying to convert a decimal to fraction, first you need to determine if it’s a terminal decimal (one with an end) or a repeating decimal (one with a digit or digit that repeats to infinity).Once you’ve done that, you can follow a few steps for the decimal to fraction conversion and for writing decimals as fractions. If you’re trying to convert a fraction to decimal, the easiest way is just to use your calculator. If you don’t have one handy, you can use long division or get the denominator equal to a multiple of ten, then move the decimal place of the numerator over. For quick estimates of decimal to fraction conversions (or vice versa), you can look at our chart of common conversions and see which is closest to your figure to get a ballpark idea of its conversion value. What's Next? Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius?We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you learning about logarithms and natural logs in math class?We have a guide on all the natural log rules you need to know. Did you know that water has a very special density? Check out our guide to learn what the density of water is and how the density can change.

Ethics of Robotic Warfare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics of Robotic Warfare - Research Paper Example During military missions such as Operation Iraq Freedom in Iraq and Operation enduring Freedom in Afghanistan the US troops used 6,000 unmanned robotic systems. Systems such as the Global Hawk and Reaper are highly effective in reconnaissance, munitions delivery, air/ground survey and photography (Weber 11). These robotic operations are helpful as they help commanders make rational, intelligent and well informed military decisions in times of war. Although the robots may be used for tactical defense and other war actions, there remains the question of ethics behind the use of robots in warfare. Capurro and Nagenborg state that â€Å"robots are and will remain in the foreseeable future dependent on human ethical scrutiny as well as on the moral and legal responsibility of humans (54).† What exactly is robotic ethics? Ethics is a discipline that is concerned with morals and values that explicitly or implicitly underlie human behavior. Robotic ethics therefore, is the term used to describe the moral norms and values that relate to the use of robots where human life or interest is concerned. The interaction of humans and robots raises some difficult but serious questions regarding the creation of war machines that may or may not be morally inclined to carry out war operations (McDaniel 99). The big question here is: does the world really need robotic welfare? Issues arise regarding the application of these robots for example, the use of these robots in warfare, ramification of labor and the intentional manipulation of the human beings by the robot creatures (Brey, Briggle and Waelbers 45). Of great concern has the use of the robots for warfare as it would be discussed in this paper. The use of the robots has short term ethical consequences which are very serious. The ethics of the battlefield have for a long time been a huge problem and caused a lot of constraint for military conduct. The Geneva Conventions were created

Black studies 1019--opinion paper--choosing two topics and describing Essay

Black studies 1019--opinion paper--choosing two topics and describing their ideas and how they affected african americans in the - Essay Example as he develops them from Gandhi’s influence. The influence of Marcus Garvey on Malcolm X can be seen when he states: "The American black man should be focusing his every effort toward building his own businesses, and decent homes for himself. As other ethnic groups have done, let the black people, wherever possible, patronize their own kind, and start in those ways to build up the black race's ability to do for itself. That's the only way the American black man is ever going to get respect. One thing the white man never can give the black man is self-respect! The black man never can be become independent and recognized as a human being who is truly equal with other human beings until he has what they have, and until he is doing for himself what others are doing for themselves. The black man in the ghettoes, for instance, has to start self-correcting his own material, moral and spiritual defects and evils. The black man needs to start his own program to get rid of drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution.

Allyn & Bacon Essay Example for Free

Allyn Bacon Essay Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Charles, C. M. (2005), Building classroom discipline (8th ed. ). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Class Participation WKS 1-330 Discussion QuestionsWKS 1-330 Discipline Model PaperWK 340 Total 100 ASSIGNMENTS ________________________________________ Week 1 Assignments Week 1 Learning Objectives: Discipline Models for Educators †¢Analyze several discipline models. †¢Compare and contrast the differences among various discipline models †¢Examine situations in which each discipline model would work best †¢Compare and contrast discipline systems for the primary, intermediate, and secondary grade levels with those currently used in the classrooms Room Arrangement †¢Identify effective classroom arrangements to minimize discipline problems Preventive Discipline †¢Analyze the causes of discipline problems 1. Read chapters 2-6 in Building classroom discipline (8th ed) Post biography in Chat Room (Day 1). 2. Respond to the Discussion Questions posted in the main classroom. Due: Day 3 Participate in the class discussion on at least 4 days during the online week according to the Participation guidelines. Brief Summary of Week One Deliverables AssignmentIndividual or Learning TeamLocationDue ParticipationIndividualMainOngoing— 4 days per week BioIndividualChat RoomTuesday Individual DQsIndividualMainThursday ________________________________________ Week 2 Assignments Week 2 Learning Objectives: Developing Classroom Rules and Procedures. †¢Analyze a systematic approach to classroom management †¢Identify guidelines for developing classroom rules and procedures Communication Skills †¢Identify communication skills that promote successful classroom management Classroom Management Strategies and Effective Teacher Behaviors †¢Examine strategies to enhance students’ self-concepts †¢Describe the characteristics of a well-managed classroom †¢Identify the strengths and weaknesses of various teaching strategies in relation to effective classroom management Assignments 1. Read chapters 6-11 in Building classroom discipline (8th ed).

Database Comparison of SQL Server 2000, Access, MySQL, DB2, and Oracle

Introduction This paper will compare and contrast five different database management systems on six criteria. The database management systems (DBMS) that will be discussed are SQL Server 2000, Access, MySQL, DB2, and Oracle. The criteria that will be compared are the systems’ functionality, the requirements that must be met to run the DBMS, the expansion capabilities – if it is able to expand to handle more data over time, the types of companies that typically use each one, the normal usage of the DBMS, and the costs associated with implementing the DBMS. System functionality Microsoft Access is a database engine and development environment in one package. It is typically workstation-based, and designed to be easy to use, even for users with no experience. However, it also provides advanced functionality for experienced users. MySQL is the largest open-source RDMBS, and it is server-based, as well as the rest of the DBMS that will be discussed. According to the mysql.com website, it offers high reliability and performance, easy use and deployment, freedom from platform lock-in by providing ready access to source code, and cross-platform support. SQL Server is an enterprise class RDBMS from Microsoft. It is part of the Back Office Suite of products. Although it is always server-based in production, it can be client-based in development. DB2 is also an enterprise-class DBMS, produced by IBM. It offers some object-oriented functionality, as well as cross-platform compatibility, and is server-based. Finally, Oracle offers much of the same functionality as DB2 , with cross-platform capability, and some object-oriented features. It, as well, is server-based. System Requirements There is a correlation between the complexity of the DBMS and the system requirements. For instance, Access can be installed on any Windows-based operating system from Windows 95 and above. SQL Server, in the widely used Standard and Enterprise editions, is also strictly Windows-based, but must be run on Windows NT or 2000 Servers. The personal and development editions of SQL Server may be run on Windows NT Workstation, and Windows 2000 and XP Professional, in addition to the server platforms. MySQL has a wide variety of platforms, including the Windows platforms, Sun Solaris, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and HP-UX, to list a few. DB2 will run on Windows NT 4 and higher, Sun Solaris, HP-UX and Linux.... ...n   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper was written to show the similarities and differences in five different databases. It compared Access, MySQL, SQL Server, DB2, and Oracle in six different areas. It found many similarities in functionality, but large diversity in pricing. References Chigrik, Alexander, Oracle 9i Database vs DB2 v8.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/oracle_vs_db2.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs Access 2000 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_access.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs DB2 v8.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_db2.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs MySQL version 4.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_mysql.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs Oracle 9i (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_oracle.htm MySQL Licensing Policy (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from the MySQL company website: http://www.mysql.com/company/legal/licensing/

Should We Abolish Pennies?

What would it be like without pennies? Without them we can’t use them for changes. Life would be different without pennies. Everything will have to change if we take out pennies in the U. S. If we don’t have pennies, then everything will be rounded off to the nearest five or ten cents. All the products with extra changes in the sale will have to change the amount of its costs to a point where no penny is needed. That’s more work for the workers to do, making all the costs of the items in the store into an amount where pennies aren’t needed. What would happen to the 99 cents store? If the pennies were to be gone, it won’t have the 99 cents store anymore. Sure they can change the cost of items to a dollar, but that is one cent more than the customers used to pay. That may not sound like a lot of money, but think about it, if you buy one hundred items for one hundred dollars, you could’ve save one dollar and one dollar can save a person’s life from starvation. And if they change it to 95 cents, they will lose profit. The sign of the store will have to be changed to whatever cost they decided to change the items to, but they can’t change the sign to â€Å"$1 Store† because there are already a store called that. And if they do change the sign, that means that they have to use their own money to get the new sign, which also means they’ll have less money to use for other necessary things for the store. The sources say that the penny is the lowest denomination coin, but if it were to be gone, the nickel would be the lowest denomination coin. Would it end up like the pennies and would be abolish in the future years? Even if the pennies were to be completely gone, the nickels will have the same complaints that the pennies were having and the complaints of the lowest denomination coin will go on and on until there is no coins left. In taking the pennies off, memories of Abraham Lincoln will be gone. All the things Lincoln did for the U. S. will fade away. We will no longer see him in coins, the 16th president will be less recognized without having a penny as his memory source. Abraham Lincoln will be forever remember with the pennies! This is how it would be like without pennies. Everything will be rounded off up or down. Would you want that to happen? Would you want Abraham Lincoln’s memories to fade away? Every penny counts, just as â€Å"every vote counts†. We must save the pennies!

Caring for Individuals with Additional Needs Essay

In this task the explanation of why individuals may experience additional needs will be provided. There are 4 main categories of disability. I will list them and also give an example of each category and also say if the disability is physical, cognitive or sensory. Physical meaning having problems with strength or co-ordination within caused by having an accident or an inspection. Cognitive meaning a person having problems with learning and understanding everyday things. Sensory – this can be a problem with learning through sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing. Basically this has to do with the five senses. The categories are: Genetic (from a family member through blood) – Sickle cell is contracted through either parent (mother/father) who has the trait. This trait can be passed on to the child or children. If the father has a trait and the mother has a trait, the child can get the full trait. This category is physical. Accidental – accidents can cause disability e. g. a person driving a car and accidentally hits down a person walking in the road; this can cause major damage to this person. The person could be paralyzed for life. This category is physical and could also be cognitive because this person could have hit his/her head and ended up being brain damage. The brain damage can lead to this person losing most of the knowledge he/she had before and have to start learning all over again. Developmental – can be caused be a pregnant woman having difficulty in the womb or during birth. A child can develop disability while growing up for example contracting Meningitis. Possible complications that can be caused are hearing loss, learning disability or problem with co-ordination and balance. This category can be sensory, physical or cognitive. Environmental – can be caused by working in a place where there is lots of dust or even smoking can cause a person to develop asthma or other infections. This category can be physical.

25 Subordinating Conjunctions

25 Subordinating Conjunctions 25 Subordinating Conjunctions 25 Subordinating Conjunctions By Mark Nichol If you’re having trouble developing sentences with sufficient variety to keep your writing fresh, take a ride on A WHITE BUS. No, I’m not shouting at you; A WHITE BUS is a mnemonic initialism that reminds you about a set of conjunctions with which you can begin dependent clauses. (A dependent clause is a phrase that must be attached to an independent clause a series of words that can stand on its own as a sentence to make grammatical sense.) Below, you’ll find the words or phrases that the letters in A WHITE BUS represent, and sample sentences in which they’re employed. A 1. â€Å"After dinner, we’ll go see a movie.† 2. â€Å"Although I’d rather not, I’ll make an exception.† 3. â€Å"As you know, she’s rather eccentric.† W 4. â€Å"When we’re done, let’s get some ice cream.† 5. â€Å"Whenever I go, I try to see something I’ve never seen before.† 6. â€Å"Whether or not you agree, I think it looks fine.† 7. â€Å"Where I go, they always have sales.† 8. â€Å"Wherever I go, I try to enjoy myself.† 9. â€Å"While I’m there, I play music on a jukebox.† H 10. â€Å"How is it that even though you go there all the time, you’ve never noticed that before?† I 11. â€Å"If you find out, please let me know.† 12. â€Å"In case you hadn’t heard, I couldn’t care less.† 13. â€Å"In order to enjoy your trip, take your time and enjoy the sights.† T 14. â€Å"That I like wearing red that has never been in dispute.† 15. â€Å"Though I’m flexible, I draw the line about that.† E 16. â€Å"Even if it is true, I’ll forgive him.† 17. â€Å"Even though I’d heard the song before, I hadn’t known who sang it.† 18. â€Å"Ever since I met her, I haven’t been able to think about anything else.† B 19. â€Å"Because I’ve been there before, I’d rather go somewhere else.† 20. â€Å"Before I saw the house, I was ready to just rent an apartment.† U 21. â€Å"Unless you’re willing to wait, you’ll have to come back tomorrow.† 22. â€Å"Until we find it, we can’t leave.† S 23. â€Å"Since then, I’ve had a different opinion of him.† 24. â€Å"So sure were you of your theory about them, you ignored evidence that you were wrong.† 25. â€Å"So that I’m sure I understand you, please repeat what you said.† Sometimes, ON, representing â€Å"only if† (â€Å"Only if I get to drive will I go with you†) and â€Å"now that† (â€Å"Now that we understand each other, things are much better†) precedes A WHITE BUS in the mnemonic phrase. Note, too, that the order in which the dependent and independent clauses appear can be reversed (though often, the comma separating the clauses is then not necessary). However, because the independent clause generally contains the essential information, the sentence is usually more effective when the independent clause trails the dependent clause. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Grammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation

General Billy Mitchell - Father of the US Air Force

General Billy Mitchell - Father of the US Air Force Billy Mitchell - Early Life Career: The son of wealthy Senator John L. Mitchell (D-WI) and his wife Harriet, William Billy Mitchell was born on December 28, 1879 at Nice, France. Educated in Milwaukee, he later enrolled at Columbian College (present-day George Washington University) in Washington, DC. In 1898, prior to graduating, he enlisted in the US Army with the goal of fighting in the Spanish-American War. Entering the service, Mitchells father soon used his connections to obtain his son a commission. Though the war ended before he saw action, Mitchell elected to remain in the US Army Signal Corps and spent time in Cuba and the Philippines. Billy Mitchell - An Interest in Aviation: Sent north in 1901, Mitchell successfully built telegraph lines in remote areas of Alaska. During this posting, he began studying Otto Lilienthals glider experiments. This reading, combined with further research, led him to conclude in 1906 that future conflicts would be fought in the air. Two years later, he witnessed a flying demonstration given by Orville Wright at Fort Myer, VA. Sent to the Army Staff College, he became the only Signal Corps Officer on the Army General Staff in 1913. As aviation was assigned to the Signal Corps, Mitchell was well placed to further develop his interest. Associating with many early military aviators, Mitchell was made deputy commander of the Aviation Section, Signal Corps in 1916. At age 38, the US Army felt that Mitchell was too old for flying lessons. As a result, he was forced to seek private instruction at the Curtiss Aviation School in Newport News, VA where he proved a quick study. When the US entered World War I in April 1917, Mitchell, now a lieutenant colonel, was en route to France as an observer and to study aircraft production. Traveling to Paris, he established an Aviation Section office and began connecting with his British and French counterparts. Billy Mitchell - World War I: Working closely with the Royal Flying Corps General Sir Hugh Trenchard, Mitchell learned how to develop aerial combat strategies and plan large-scale air operations. On April 24, he became the first American officer to fly over the lines when he rode with a French pilot. Quickly earning a reputation as a daring and tireless leader, Mitchell was promoted to brigadier general and given command of all American air units in General John J. Pershings American Expeditionary Force. In September 1918, Mitchell successfully planned and orchestrated a campaign using 1,481 Allied aircraft in support of ground forces during the Battle of St. Mihiel. Gaining air superiority over the battlefield, his aircraft aided in driving back the Germans. During his time in France, Mitchell proved a highly effective commander, but his aggressive approach and unwillingness to operate in the chain of command made him numerous enemies. For his performance in World War I, Mitchell received the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal, and several foreign decorations. Billy Mitchell - Air Power Advocate: Following the war, Mitchell expected to be placed in command of the US Army Air Service. He was blocked in this goal when Pershing named Major General Charles T. Menoher, an artilleryman, to the post. Mitchell instead was made Assistant Chief of the Air Service and was able to retain his wartime rank of brigadier general. A relentless advocate for aviation, he encouraged US Army pilots to challenge records as well as promoted races and ordered aircraft to aid in fighting forest fires. Convinced that air power would become the driving force of war in the future, he pressed for the creation of an independent air force. Mitchells vocal support of air power brought him into conflict with the US Navy as he felt the ascent of aviation made the surface fleet increasingly obsolete. Convinced that bombers could sink battleships, he argued that aviation should be the US first line of defense. Among those he alienated was Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. Failing to achieve his goals, Mitchell became increasingly outspoken and attacked his superiors in the US Army, as well as the leadership of the US Navy and White House for failing to understand the importance of military aviation. Billy Mitchell - Project B: Continuing to agitate, Mitchell managed in February 1921 to convince Secretary of War Newton Baker and Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to hold joint Army-Navy exercises in which his aircraft would bomb surplus/captured ships. Though the US Navy was reluctant to agree, it was compelled to accept the exercises after Mitchell learned of their own aerial testing against ships. Believing that he could succeed in wartime conditions, Mitchell also held that a thousand bombers could be built for the price of one battleship making aviation a more economical defense force. Dubbed Project B, the exercises moved forward in June and July 1921 under a set of rules of engagement that greatly favored the survivability of the ships. In the early tests, Mitchells aircraft sank a captured German destroyer and light cruiser. On July 20-21, they attacked the German battleship Ostfriesland. While the aircraft did sink it, they violated the rule of engagement in doing so. In addition, the circumstances of the exercises were not wartime conditions as all of the target vessels were stationary and effectively defenseless. Billy Mitchell - Fall from Power: Mitchell repeated his success later that year by sinking the retired battleship USS in September. The tests incensed President Warren Harding who wished to avoid any show of naval weakness immediately prior to the Washington Naval Conference, but did lead to increased funding for military aviation. Following a protocol incident with his naval counterpart, Rear Admiral William Moffett, at the beginning of the conference, Mitchell was sent overseas on an inspection tour. Returning to the US, Mitchell continued to criticize his superiors regarding aviation policy. In 1924, the commander of the Air Service, Major General Mason Patrick, sent him on a tour of Asia and the Far East to remove him from the limelight. During this tour, Mitchell foresaw a future war with Japan and predicted an aerial attack on Pearl Harbor. That fall, he again blasted the Army and Navy leadership, this time to the Lampert Committee. The following March, his term of Assistant Chief ended and he was exiled to San Antonio, TX, with the rank of colonel, to oversee air operations. Billy Mitchell - Court Martial: Later that year, following the loss of the US Navy airship USS , Mitchell issued a statement accusing the militarys senior leadership of almost treasonable administration of the national defense and incompetence. As a result of these statements, he was brought up on court-martial charges for insubordination at the direction of President Calvin Coolidge. Beginning that November, the court-martial saw Mitchell receive broad public support and notable aviation officers such as Eddie Rickenbacker, Henry Hap Arnold, and Carl Spaatz testified on his behalf. On December 17, Mitchell was found guilty and sentenced to a five-year suspension from active duty and loss of pay. The youngest of the twelve judges, Major General Douglas MacArthur, called serving on the panel distasteful, and voted not guilty stating that an officer should not be silenced for being at variance with his superiors in rank and with accepted doctrine. Rather than accept the punishment, Mitchell resigned on February 1, 1926. Retiring to his farm in Virginia, he continued to advocate for air power and a separate air force until his death on February 19, 1936. Selected Sources National Museum of the US Air Force: Brigadier General William Billy MitchellUS Army: William Billy MitchellEarly Aviators: Billy Mitchell

The purpose of a college education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The purpose of a college education - Essay Example on acts as a supplier for vocational training and credentialing services), the purpose of college education is to advance economics’ skills and knowledge. In addition, knowledge is among the important things a student should achieve from college education. Students should have a feeling that, college education gives them something apart from a diploma or a degree-whether it means giving them a job offer, technical skills, or a greater understanding about the world. College education should also serve as a tool for preparing students for the new economy. College education should also aim at changing students in a form that portrays significant improvements in their lives (Conrad and Laura 34). This essay aims at outlining what students should be seeking when they enroll to pursue college education. Notably, public and private higher education institutions globally are facing unprecedented challenges due to the large number of issues including the value of degrees offered in a college, scrutiny over student completion and access, and student aid support. Generally, the main purpose of college education is to disseminate and create knowledge about the world and the students themselves (Conrad and Laura 34). It is also a purpose of college education to create a higher order communicative and cognitive skills in students, such as offering them the ability to reason and think logically. After completion of higher education, graduates should come out with other skills such as motivation to pose challenges on the status quo, as well as the capacity to create sophisticated values. However, the current society view colleges as a training ground where students join to advance their professional and vocational skills. This agenda often creates tension between these two notions: college e ducation is purposely for public good and college education is purposely for private good (Conrad and Laura 37). Due to this tension, universities and colleges have increasingly become

Transparency in Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transparency in Corporate Governance - Essay Example Transparency in a company is vital because it increases the confidence in the management of the company by its shareholders and other stakeholders. This consequently leads to the shareholders willing to invest more in the company which in turn, eventually, reduces the cost of capital. Being transparent also helps a company’s management to fight off corruption and fraudulent activities that would otherwise be rife and detrimental (Hermalin &Weisch, 2007). With all these factors put together, the company’s productivity, and eventually, its productive capacity increases. For a long time now, corporate governance has undergone different overhauls so as to increase the level of transparency. This is through various means such as an increased control on how financial reporting gets done and who exactly does it. These control mechanisms ensure that what gets measured, accepted and reported to the public is true and fair. There are also various trends currently in the market th at give the procedure on how a company should be audited. Auditing is when an external entity, separate from the company, goes through the company’s reports and records. It gives its assessment and opinion of fairness and truthfulness of the company reports to the public (Shleifer, 1996). There are also other measures that ensure transparency gets achieved. These measures include laws, policies, Companies Act, Parliamentary Acts (Hermalin &Weisch, 2007). Reporting and adhering to these policies, laws and acts, however, comes at a price. Governments around the world exempt the small companies from fully complying with these stringent measures. It is mandatory, however, for these small companies to prepare their own reports as a performance measuring tool (Hermalin &Weisch, 2007). In the McBride scenario, the CEO of the McBride Financial Services receives an email from a recently added investor. The Beltway Investment is the investor that has invested in McBrides Company. It is in the email sent by their principal in who reiterates the need for transparency and use of best practices. He tells the CEO to run his company as would see fit but in turn, the investment firm would need to be shown the reports of the company’s progress. This is a way of ensuring transparency in corporate governance gets achieved by equitable treatment and rights of the shareholders getting observed. The management should do this by openly and effectively communicating the information to the stakeholders. They should also encourage them to participate in the company’s general meetings, so as to give their thoughts and opinions (Solomon, 2010). In the scenario, one also sees the management chain of command. The CEO, Hugh McBride makes the crucial decisions such as who will sit in the company’s board of directors and his subordinates implement these decisions. They deal with a wide range of matters from public relations to issues to do with governance of the com pany (Solomon, 2010). We also see that when the stakeholders, in this case Beltway Investments, know of their rights and practice these rights keeping the management on toes. This gets clearly seen when Doug, the Beltway Investment’s principal sends the CEO the email. The CEO, in the following days, communicates to his subordinate to get an accounting firm to audit their reports. The urgency becomes also portrayed when he says

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Analysis Of The Pharmaceutical Industry Economics Essay

Analysis Of The Pharmaceutical Industry Economics Essay The most important definition of industry was given by Michael Porter in 1979: a group of competitors producing substitutes that are close enough that the behavior of any firm affects each of the others either directly or indirectly. Later, Porter defined the term more precisely as a group of companies offering products or services that are close substitutes for each other, that is, products or services that satisfy the same basic customers needs. This new definition emphasizes the importance of industry borders and industrys role as a market supplier or producer of goods and services, as distinguished from a market, defined as a consumer of goods and services. Furthermore, inside every industry there are groups of companies that follow similar strategies, defined by Michael S. Hunt in his unpublished 1972 Ph.D. dissertation as strategic groups. Between these groups there are differences in entry barriers, bargaining power with buyers and suppliers and skills and resources . Strategic groups compete against each other within the industry as a result of these differences. 1.2 Models to Analyze the Industry and Its Environment The literature agrees that comprehension of the industry structure is essential to developing a firms strategy and has a greater effect on the firms performance than whether it is business-specific or corporate-parent. The comprehension of the structure requires analyses of the industrys life cycle. It also requires step-by-step political, legal, technological, social and economic analyses as well as the five driving forces of business, provided by Michael Porter. By utilizing these analysis techniques, it is also possible to anticipate changes in industry competition and profitability over time. 1.2.1 Industry Life Cycle Analysis There are different phases during the development of an industry. Every phases is characterized by a different environments which make competition assumes different the form. Through studying the life cycle, the industry realizes its stake in the market and its influence on consumers. The industry life cycle model includes four different phases: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The first phase, called introduction, is characterized by a low demand, whereas prices are high as a consequence of firms inability to realize economies of scale. For this reason profits are low and losses are possible due to high amount of investments in new categories. Barriers to entry are primary based on technologies and competencies. Strategy is focused mainly on RD and production, with the goal of enhancing novelty and quality. Competitors, attracted by the rising demand, attempt to replicate the new product. In the second phase, growth, the use of the product is extended, demand grows, prices decline due to economies of scale, barriers to entry are lower and the threat of new entry is high. At this phase the technology is usually not exclusive property of one or more firms, and the primary reaction to competition is marketing expenditure and initiatives; profits are not very high because prices decline as competitors enter the market. There is a transition period, or shakeout, between the second and the third phases. The shakeout involves finding and using all investment opportunities, because the market is near saturation and demand grows more slowly. In the third phase, maturity, market growth is low or nonexistent, and the focus shifts to gaining market share; demand is represented only by the substitution of products, investment in RD decreases and there is little innovation. In this phase firms seek cost reductions, and competition is based primarily on advertising and quality because of the low differentiation between products. Big firms acquire smaller players, while others are forced to exit. As a conseguence of high barrier to entry, the threat of new entrants are low. The last phase is decline, so called because of the continued decline in demand. Industries arrive at this stage for a variety of reasons. These include a change in social behaviors, demographic changes, international competition, technological innovations and increased customer knowledge. The buying process is based primarily on price rather than innovation. As a result, profit and revenues decline, and the industry as a whole may be supplanted. 1.2.2 PEST Analysis The word PEST is an acronym of several aspects that influence business activities at any given moment. An industry operates under Political, Economic, Social and Technological conditions. These conditions are identify and analyzed using the PEST Analysis technique. Due to their independent influence on any industry, it is essential that each be considered individually. The political aspect of analysis encompasses various factors that influence business activities in a given country at several levels: national, subnational and supranational levels. These include trade policies control imports, exports and international business partners, government ownership of industry, attitude toward monopolies and competition and trade policies. Hence, failure to consider these policies may result in loss of revenue due to taxes or penalty fees. Government stability is also very important, because it eradicates the risks associated with wars and conflicts. For an industry to thrive, political stability must be uncompromised; otherwise, sales and business activities will be uncertain, and investors will lose interest. The internal political issues in any country influence the running of industries. Politics based on race or religion may define the course for certain industries, especially if an industry falls short of political expectations. Elections and changes in leadership also influence an industrys strengths and opportunities and thus should be considered during the analysis. In addition to internal issues, international pressures and influences may affect some industries, such as environmental degradation or product safety. Another factor is terrorism. Though uncommon in many countries, poor or unstable governance may attract terrorist activities, vengeful or otherwise, which can have adverse effects on the industries operating in that country. All these issues may influence industry and firm expansion and industry attractiveness from stakeholders point of view. The economic aspect of analysis includes many factors. The first factor to consider is the current economic situation and trends in the country in which the industry is based. Companies should note inflation and economic decline so that when it comes to investing, they can avoid being financially affected. Failure to do this results in an economically blind platform that may cause the industrys sudden collapse. Another factor to consider in analysis is taxation rates. When there are high taxation rates in a given country, price-based competition may affect a given industry in the international market. International economic trends are also very important, because they define currency exchange rates, imports and exports. Other factors to consider are consumer expenditure and disposable income and, finally, legal issues, including all trade legislation in a given country and other legal regulations that inhibit or encourage expansion of business activities. Also to be considered are co nsumer protection laws, employment laws, environmental protection laws and quality standardization regulations. Industrial laws regulating competition, market policies and guidelines also play an important role in influencing industrys stability and future expansion possibilities . When considering the social aspect, factors including demographic changes, shifts in values and culture and changes in lifestyle are important to note so as to strategize on expansion and growth . Certain factors, such as media and communities, influence an industrys growth and returns. Brand name and corporate image are also very important in influencing growth and returns since they shape customer loyalty and shareholder investment. The medias views on certain industrial products should be incorporated into the analysis, as should consumer attitudes and sensibility to green issues, that is, issues that affect the environment, energy consumption and waste and its disposal. A companys information systems and internal and external communications should also be analyzed to ensure that it keeps pace with its competitors. Other factors are the policies regulating education, health and distribution of income, all of which, in the long run, influence consumer use of products . The technological aspect of analysis encompasses a variety of factors. In addition to developing technologies, all associated technologies, along with their innovation potentials, speed of change and adoption of new technology, should be analyzed for a proper evaluation of the industry. Other technological factors are transportation, waste management and online business. The level of expenditure on RD should also be considered in order to secure the industrys competitive position to prevent losses and collapse . 1.2.3 Porters Five Competitive Forces Analysis Porters model, as described by Kay, is an evolution of the Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm conceived by Edward Mason at Harvard University in the 1930s and detailed by Scherer in the 1980s. , The model aims to determine the intensity of industry competition, major issues in determining strategy and whether an industry is attractive or not. Porter identified five competitive forces that act on an industry and its environment: threat of entry, intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers and bargaining power of suppliers. The first competitive force, threat of entry, refers to the threat of new entrants in an established industry or acquisition to gain market share. Reactions of participants and barriers to entry are the main factors used to establish whether the threat is high or low. Six major entry barriers have been identified: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ capital required to compete in the industry (especially in risky industry, such as advertising or RD) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ switching costs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ access to distribution channels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ economies of scale à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cost disadvantages independent of scale, such as patents, access to know-how, access to limited resources, favorable locations, government subsidies or policies and learning or experience curves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ product differentiation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ expected retaliation from existing firms against the new entrants Strong barriers to the entry of new firms enable a few firms to dominate the market and thereby influence prices. The second force is intensity of rivalry among existing competitors. Rivalry takes place when one or more firms inside an industry try to improve their position using tactics such as price competition, new product introduction or new services. Rivalry depends on several factors: number and size of competitors, industry growth, product characteristics (which determine whether the rivalry is based on price or differentiation), cost structure, exit barriers, diverse competitors, operative capacity and high strategic stakes. If an industry is inhibited, then firms will experience difficulties when trying to expand. The growth of foreign competition and the corporate stakes should also be included in the analysis. Threat of substitutes is the third forces. Substitutes are those products manufactured by other industries but serving the same purposes as the initial product. These substitute products cause the demand to decline. The implications are reduced profits and reduced market command by the original capital investor. This is of particular importance when the buyer has no switching costs and can easily compare products in terms of price and efficiency. Bargaining power of buyers is the fourth force. High bargaining power positions weak firms inside the industry, forcing price down, enhancing competition between industry players and resulting in bargaining for higher quality or services. This power is particularly high under certain conditions, such as few and specific buyers, undifferentiated products, low switching costs, the possibility of backward integration and information about demand and the availability of market price to the buyers. Furthermore, bargaining power is high if product quality is not a crucial factor of decision-making and if what the buyer is acquiring is a modest fraction of his total costs. Bargaining power is even higher when the buyer is a retailer or a wholesaler able to influence the consumers purchasing decision. The fifth and last force is the bargaining power of suppliers. This can act on the industry in several ways: raising prices, lowering quality or privileging some buyers. Supplier power can be divided into several elements. One of these elements is supplier concentration. Suppliers are in a stronger position when there are few suppliers, switching costs are high, the industry they are serving account for a small fraction of their business or their products are an important part of the buyers business. The bargaining power of suppliers is low or nonexistent when there are substitute products. Lastly, purchase volume and the suppliers influence on cost are very important. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ 2. Pharmaceutical Industry Analysis A general overview of the pharmaceutical industry is the primary objective of this chapter. First, this chapther will define the industry in order to identify the main players in the pharmaceutical market. Second, using the instruments and models described in the first section, it will highlight the main characteristics of the industry and the factors that influence it. 2.1 Definition of Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry is composed of companies developing, manufacturing and marketing products licensed for use as medications. Their goal is to prevent, diagnose or treat diseases. A medicinal product, also called a pharmaceutical, according to the EU, is an exogenous substance or a combination of exogenous substances that can be organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic, and able, once inside the human or animal body, to modify physiological functions or to make a medical diagnosis through physical, chemical or physicochemical action. This industry is subdivided into two sub-industries characterized by different business models and players: prescription and OTC pharmaceuticals. Prescription pharmaceuticals, also referred to as Rx, are medicines that are available to the consumers for purchase in a pharmacy or drug store only with a prescription from a physician or administered only in hospitals. These medicines target specific diseases and, therefore, are prescribed for and used by one person only. OTC pharmaceuticals are instead used by more than one person which present the same symptoms in the same or in different time. These medicines are available to the consumer at every time and the consumer dont need any prescription from a physician for purchase. Furthermore, inside this industry there are two types of firms: Big Pharma and Biotech. These two types, despite being in the same business, vary in several ways: IP, drug methodology, expenditure and productivity of RD . The primary drug RD techniques used by Big Pharma firms are chemoinformatics and in silico screenings. Biotech firms are companies that use biotechnology in RD . Biotechnology, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, is the application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or nonliving materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services. Generally, Biotech firms tend to have a strong academic culture, are more risk treatment and spend less than half what Big Pharma spends on R&D; in 2004, Biotech firms spent $20 billion, versus $50 billion spent by Big Pharma. Generally, a Biotech product has multiple IP covering manufacture, formulation and stability, a s opposed to Big Pharma IP, which covers only the product, allowing generics to be produced quickly. While they may appear to have the same phenotype, their genotypes are distinct, so much so that they can be considered two industries, as stated by Arthur D. Levinson, Chairman and CEO of Genentech. Nevertheless, this distinction is not always clear, as many Biotech and Big Pharma firms are hybrids to varying degrees. The focus of this thesis are Big Pharma involved in the development of prescription pharmaceuticals to treat and prevent human diseases in the EU market. 2.2 Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Industry The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the pharmaceutical industry lifecycle and investigate the major force acting inside it . 2.2.1 Industry Lifecycle Analysis People over the years have always tried to discover diseases causes and to find remedies against it. The most complete medical test, the Ebers Papyrus, is dated 1550 BC and it was written by Egyptians . However, the industrial production of drugs dates back to the year 1827 when Heinrich E Merck in Germany founded the first company for the production of cocaine and morphine . This event started the introduction phase of the pharmaceutical industry in Europe. In Europe, this industry was born in different way, reflecting the different strategic groups inside it. In the German-speaking countries, pharmaceutical companies were born as a branch of the chemical industry, with firms like Bayer and Hoechst in 1863, BASF in 1865 and Schering in 1871 in Germany, and CIBA in 1884 and Sandoz in 1886. Only Hoffman-La Roche in 1894 in Switzerland was originally a drug firm. On the other hand, in Italy, France and the UK companies were born from small shop pharmacies, such as Glaxo which traces it s origins to a pharmacy in Plough Court in 1715 . During the 1800s many compounds were already being isolated, but none was being synthetically produced. The first synthetic drug was Phenacetin, produced by Bayer and commercialized in 1888 . Ten years later Bayer commercialized Aspirin, which marked a milestone in the pharmaceutical industry. Many firms rose to prominence in the 1920s-30s with these kinds of pharmaceuticals, but also with a new class of pharmaceuticals: vaccines and serums . During the Second World War II the demand for drugs increased and mass production started, primarily with drugs such as antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and neomycin) and sulphonamide . The availability of these drugs dramatically changed the quality and the average life-span of people. In this period the German pharmaceutical industry, a leader along with the Swiss in pre-war times, was taken over by American firms who came to Europe to taking advantage of the condition of the continent after the war. The period 1950-60 was the start of the industrys growth phase , and this saw a proliferation of new drugs and high return to drug discovery. New drugs included tranquilizers such as MAO inhibitors in 1952, anti-tuberculosis drugs such as Isoniazid in 1952 and oral contraceptives in 1956. Other discoveries included Librium in 1960 and Valium in 1960. The latter was sold from 1963 and later became one of the most prescribed medicines in history before controversy emerged over its link to habituation and dependency. In the 1950s, legislation was put in place to regulate the industry, mainly touching on labelling and approval by health authorities as well as drawing distinctions between non-prescription and prescription medicines. In this apparently unstoppable process of pharmaceutical progression and optimism the industry was stalled by a drama concerning one drug sold in Europe and Japan, Thalidomide. This drug, synthesized in Germany in 1954, was introduced to the market to treat the symptoms of morning sickness and nausea in pregnant women. Between 1954 and 1960, it caused around 5,000 and 10,000 severe deformities in infants. In fact, the drug had not been sufficiently tested on animals to assess its safety, and after this revelation, in an attempt to better regulate the industry, drug oversight authorities were established to exercise control over the industry. The World Medical Association met in Finland and issued the Declaration of Helsinki, setting the standards for clinical research. Among other things, the declaration stated that pharmaceutical companies must prove the efficacy of a new drug in clinical trials before releasing it to the market, and subjects must consent to experiments done to test the efficacy of drugs in clinical studies. The industry remained small up to the late 1970s . Two events characterized the 1970s. First, chemical production for raw materials and early intermediates shifted out of Europe to low cost destinations such as India and China which later began producing active pharmaceutical ingredients and finally non-patented pharmaceuticals . Second, there was the birth of biotechnology. This new science had its roots many years before with the discovery of the double helix in 1953 by Watson and Crick, which followed the advances in molecular genetics, recombinant DNA technology, and molecular biology. Until then, drugs in commerce were produced by extraction from natural substances or chemical synthesis. These new techniques of molecular biology marked the birth of a new industry which became a competitor to and a substitute of the pharmaceutical industry. This new industry was pioneered by firms like Genentech and Amgen which introduced revolutionary drugs such as Epogen and recombinant human i nsulin. In the 1980s, legislation was passed in most European countries requiring adherence to strong patents for both the pharmaceutical products and their production processes. There were also new regulations such as the introduction of the Good Clinical Practices, which were guidelines regulating ethics and the reliability of clinical studies. In Europe, several states also initiated health maintenance organizations and managed care in an effort to limit rising medical costs, and a preference for preventive rather that curative medication took root. As the industry entered the 1990s, new discoveries and projects, such as the Human Genome Project 1990, changed the business environment. Also, there was a huge wave of MA to build on synergies. This included Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz forming Novartis, Hoechst and Roussel-Rhone Poulenc-Rorer forming Aventis and Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline forming GlaxoSmithKline. In this way, the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals came to be concentrated in Western Europe and North America, with dominant firms and a few small companies that produced drugs in each country. The major European companies are still the dominant players not only in Europe but also in the global market. They include Novartis of Switzerland, Bayer of Germany, GlaxoSmithKline of the UK, Hoffman-la Roche of Switzerland and AstraZeneca of UK/Sweden. As the European pharmaceutical industry entered the 21st century, signs of the growth phase have become even more evident. This has been characterized by intense marketing to physicians and internet commerce. This, in part, has been facilitated by the liberalization of marketing rules requiring presentation of risks as well as the advertising message. Internet has enabled the direct purchase of raw materials by the manufacturers. The development of drugs has moved from the hit-and-miss approach to research and informed discovery. Alternative medicines and lifestyle medicines have presented new challenges and opportunities and have raised the level of competition in the industry. The aging population in western European economies has increased opportunities for raising revenues. In fact, because of the ageing population in the developed economies, drug consumption will increase since the aged have a higher frequency of contracting diseases than younger people. New epidemics, such as t he recent H1N1 flu outbreak, continue to batter the world population, and increased globalization makes them spread more quickly than ever. As the industry advances through the growth phase, companies are undertaking research and development initiatives both to develop new drugs and improve production processes. Further, the increased role of state-supported medical schemes across Europe, as well as other state-managed health programs around the world will greatly increase the reach of healthcare, extending it to more of the middle class and the poor who constitute the larger part of the population in most countries. As the medical programs continue to gain efficacy, the sales of pharmaceutical firms are expected to grow. In addition,, the emerging economies like Brazil, Russia, India, China, Turkey, Mexico, and South Korea will add to potential consumer numbers in the industry for European manufacturers. Together, these countries constitute a huge percentuage of the worlds population, meaning that their entry into the high income category will no doubt present an enormous potential market for pharmaceutical products. In fact, the growth in these markets is expected to reach 14-17% by 2014, compared with only 3-6% growth in the developed markets. Thanks to agreements signed by the Asia-Pacific and Europe governments concerning liberalization of the Asia-Pacific pharmaceuticals and investments market, many companies have already started to establish relationships with emerging markets. An example is GlaxoSmithKline, who partnered in 2009 with Indias Dr. Reddy Laboratories. GlaxoSmithKline will distribute the drugs manufactured and supplied by Dr. Reddy in Africa, the Middle East, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. Even with these last considerations, the European pharmaceutical industry has only a limited chance of entering the maturity phase of the cycle. The barriers to entry are so great that they choke any new entrant in almost every facet of operation: in research and development, in product distribution, and in compliance with rules and regulations. In fact, this industry has complex manufacturing capabilities which are hard to replicate, and are protected by way of patent, as well as huge consumer attachment to preferred brands from specific companies, often informed by experience. Furthermore Europe generic penetration is very low (less than 10% in total). Thus the industry might remain in the growth phase for a considerable time.